Congratulations on our company's successful bid for the purchase of equipment for the wine processing laboratory of the Central Financial Capital Instrument and Equipment Purchase Project of Shanxi Agricultural University. In recent years, more and more colleges and universities have become interested in entrepreneurial wine training, and it is necessary to popularize the basic knowledge of grape varieties.
Wine grapes refer to grape varieties that are mainly used for the production of wine.
Fruit wine training equipment
Can be roughly divided into red varieties, white varieties!
The main representative species of the world - red varieties:
Cabernet Franc (Pinnacle)
Features: Its unique personality is strong grassy flavor, mixed with delicious blackcurrant and mulberry fruit, due to the lighter body, its main function is to reconcile Sauvignon and Merlot, but the world famous Ch. Cheval Blanc (White Horse Winery) uses it as its main ingredient.
The area with low temperature and moist soil is more suitable for the growth of the Franco. Unlike the Sauvignon, which is obsessed with the Mediterranean climate, it loves the continental climate and is not afraid of hitting bad weather during the harvest.
Production area: In France, it is mainly distributed in the Loire Valley and the Bordeaux San Damean and Ponomao wine regions. Other traces such as the northeast of Italy and the northern shore of California are also widely distributed.
Cabernet Sauvignon (Cabernet Sauvignon)
Features: In the world of wine, Sauvignon is always the most popular. It has a thick skin and a small fruit. It is resistant to common molds and diseases. It is easy to grow. It is suitable for planting in well-drained gravel soil. After brewing, it will produce a variety of flavors and tastes. The thick blue-black Sauvignon tannin is too tall and must use other grapes, such as Merlot, to neutralize its strong dryness. Experienced winemakers will adjust the proportion of the variety depending on the weather of the year. Sauvignon itself has blackcurrant, blackberry and other flavors. After the oak barrel is cultivated, it adds vanilla, fir, smoke and other flavors, and the aroma and taste become more complicated.
Producing area: Bordeaux, France, is rich in Sauvignon. Many famous wines are made from it. Now there are many wine growers in the Languedoc, Hussein area of ​​southern France, which replaces the old conventional varieties. Most of the "New World" wine regions have been cultivated with this variety, especially the Sauvignon, which is made in the Napa Valley, California.
Carignan
Features: Grapes have high acidity, strong tannins, deep colors, fruity aromas and bitterness. Although the production of the Belle grape is high, it also requires very careful care, because it is very susceptible to viruses, mold, and pests, but advanced chemical agriculture effectively controls these problems.
The Carignan grape is the most cultivated in the Languedoc-Huxi region, and it is mostly blended with Syrah and Mourvedre. There are also Carignan wineries in Spain, the main producing area is in Catalonia, and the long-established locals call this grape Mazuelo or Mazuela one of the raw materials of Rioja Rioja.
Producing area: South of France, in the United States it is called Carignance, in Italy it is called Carignano, in Spain it is Carinena, Mexico, Argentina, Chile and Uruguay.
Syrah, Shiraz (Shiha, Sheila)
The northern part of the French Rhône Valley property area is its origin and is the best place to produce (famous from Iran). Chia is suitable for a mild climate and performs best on igneous rock slopes. The wine is dark red and black, and the wine is rich and rich. When young, it is mainly composed of violet and black berries. With the ageing, it gradually develops into ripe aromas such as pepper, tar and leather. The palate is compact and rich in texture, with amazing tannin content and strong anti-oxidation properties. It is very suitable for long-term ageing. It must be cultured in long-term oak barrels and bottles.
Outside of France, Australia is the most important, and its origin is best known as Cote Rotie and I'Hermitage. It is the world's best producer and is comparable to the most advanced Bordeaux wine.
Pinot Noir (Pinot Noir)
Originally from Burgundy, France, it is the only wine variety in the region. It is a precocious type with low yield and instability. It is suitable for colder climates and has the best performance in lime clay. Due to the existence of many asexual reproduction lines with many different characteristics. There are more requirements for a growing environment, and planting is not as popular as Cabernet-Savien. Its variety characteristics are not strong, and it is easy to change with the environment. Under good conditions, although Pinot Noir is not dark in color, it has a strict structure and rich taste, which is very suitable for ageing. The wine is mainly red fruits when young, such as raspberries and cherries. The scent of the wine after the ageing is rich, and in addition to the animal fragrance, cherry wine and truffle flavor are also common.
In addition to red wine, Pinot Noir is also suitable for brewing white or rose sparkling wine. It is one of the important varieties in the Champagne region. It is mostly mixed with Chardonnay and Pinot Meunier, which is richer and more suitable than other varieties. Golden Hill County in Burgundy is the best producing area of ​​Pinot Noir. It is called Statburgunder in Germany and Austria and is the main black variety.
Merlot (Mello is also called Merlot, Merlot)
Originally produced in the Bordeaux region of France, it is the most widely grown grape variety in the region, with early maturity and high yield. Compared with Cabernet Sauvignon, the beauty of the species is known for its fruity aroma, high alcohol content, soft tannins, round and thick palate, and low acidity, although it is very long-lasting, but Not like Cabernet Sauvignon, which lasted for ten or twenty years, and soon reached the drinking period. It has become increasingly popular in recent years and is often in short supply.
Bordeaux's Bordeaux and Saint-Emilion regions are cooler than Medoc, suitable for the growth of the genus, and Cabernet-Fran is the most famous and best producer. This area is mainly mixed with Cabernet-Fran and a small amount of Cabernet Sauvignon to enhance balance and enrich its fragrance.
Cabernet Gernischt (Snake Dragon Ball)
Cabernet Gernischt belongs to the Cabernet line. Eurasian species. Originally produced in France, it is one of the ancient varieties of France. It is a sister breed with Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc. In 1892, it attracted China. There are now more cultivation in the Yantai area of ​​Shandong.
In 1892, Zhang Yu introduced 124 grape varieties from abroad. After successful grafting, many new varieties were derived. The Dragon Ball is one of them. One of the main raw materials in Cabernet Sauvignon is the snake dragon pearl. This precious wine material is only grown on a large scale in China. Moreover, the Dragon Ball was only promoted nationwide until the end of the 1980s. It is the main grape variety that produces Cabernet wine. [1]
The world's main wine grape - white variety:
Chardonnay (Chardonnay is also called Chardonnay)
Originally from Burgundy, it is currently the most popular wine grape in the world and is a precocious variety. Because it is suitable for all types of climate, cold tolerance, high yield and stability, easy to cultivate, it has been widely planted in various wine producing regions around the world. The soil is best with limestone soil with marl. Chardonnay is the most suitable variety of white wine for the cultivation of oak wine. Its wine has a rich aroma and a rounded mouthfeel. It can become richer and more mellow after a long time. It mainly produces dry white wine and sparkling wine.
With the change of the environment in the production area, the characteristics of Chardonnay also change; the calcareous soil producing areas with cold weather, such as Chablis and Champagne, have high acidity and light alcohol, mainly green apples such as green apples; Gentle production areas, such as Napa Valley and Ma Gong, have a smoother taste and are dominated by mature fruits such as cantaloupe. The sparkling wine made by Chardonnay is best produced in the French Champagne region, and the area is best known for its white hills.
Riesling (è–ä¸ç³ is also called Riesling)
Its origin has been fascinated, and the earliest planting records were recorded in the Rhine region of Germany. It is the finest and finest variety in Germany and Alsace. It is a late-maturing type, suitable for continental climate (such as the Rhine region), cold-resistant, and more planted in the sunny slope and sandy clay. The yield is large, which is the highest among the high-quality varieties.
The grape varieties produced by Ruan Silin are characterized by a delicate floral fragrance and a botanical fragrance, often accompanied by honey and mineral aroma. It has a strong acidity, but it is often balanced with the sweet taste of the wine; it is rich, detailed and balanced, and is very suitable for a long time.
In addition to the production of dry white wine, the late-selling and noble-sweet sweet white wines are of excellent quality. Even if the maturity is too high, they can always maintain high acidity. The fragrance is strong and elegant. After decades of ageing, the quality is comparable to that of semolina.
Sauvignon Blanc (Savior / Sauvignon Blanc)
Originally from the Bordeaux region of France, it is suitable for a mild climate. The soil is best in lime soil and is often called Fume Blanc. It is mainly used to make dry white wine suitable for young people, or to mix semolina to make expensive rot.
The wines produced by Sauvignon are strong in acidity, heavy in spicy taste, rich in flavor and unique in flavor, and easily recognizable. Green apple and gooseberry fruit flavor mixed plant aroma (such as grass and black tea deer tree tooth incense) is the most common, in the lime soil is often flint and white fruity, often too catish urine. But compared to other fine varieties, it is simple and not rich enough.
Semillon (Semillon is also called Sai Beauty)
It is native to the Bordeaux region of France, but it is the most widely planted in Chile and the second in France, mainly in Bordeaux. Although not popular, it is produced all over the world. It is suitable for mild climate, with large yield, small grape grains, high sugar content and easy oxidation.
Compared with other important varieties, the characteristics of dry white wine produced by semolina are not obvious, the wine is light, the taste is thick, and the acidity is often insufficient. So often mix Suviin to make up for it, suitable for drinking when young. Some of the production areas are fermented in oak barrels to enrich the wine and are more durable, such as Besak-Leoliang.
Semillon is famous for producing noble rot white wine. The grape skin is suitable for the growth of Botrytis cinerea mold. This mold not only absorbs the water in the grape, increases the sugar content of the sago, but also increases the chemical change caused by the grape skin. The tartar acidity produces a particularly rich aroma such as honey and candied fruit.
Other major wine grapes - black varieties:
Cabernet Franc (Cabennet-Fran/Princess)
Originally produced in the Bordeaux region of France, it is also precocious in the Bicaben-Servi, suitable for colder climates, with lower tannins and acidity. When you are young, you often have the scent of raspberries or violets, sometimes with the heart of a pencil. The rich flesh is the main feature of its taste. Bordeaux is mainly used in combination with Cabernet Sauvignon and Merrill, which is best produced by Saint-Emilion.
Grmay
Originally produced in Burgundy, France, it is now mainly produced in thin wine. The wine is purple in color and has a very low tannin content. It has a light taste and is rich in fresh fruit. It is usually not long-lasting, easy to drink, and it is a wine that is consumed when the age is young. However, if it grows on igneous shale and soil with less lime content, Jiamei can also produce rich and rich red wine.
Nebbiolo (Nebiro)
Originally from the northeastern province of Italy, also known as Spanna, it is a late-maturing variety suitable for planting on the slopes to the south. The wines are very high in tannins, red pigments and acids. The color is dark and rich in flavor. It is often rich in black berries, violets and truffles. The texture is rigorous and strong, acidity and durability. It is the best in Italy. Variety.
Sangiovese (Sangiovese)
Originally produced in Tuscany, central Italy, the word source refers to the blood of Cupid. Due to the long history, there are many asexual reproduction systems with different characteristics and qualities, so it is difficult to summarize their characteristics. In general, the red pigment content is low, the acidity is strong, the roundness is not round, and the tannin content is high. However, in the Chianti Classico, Brunello di Montachino and Vino Nobile de Montepuciano producing areas, excellent asexual reproduction lines can be used to produce deep and thick structures. Tightly fine wines.
Carignan
Carinena is native to northeastern Spain, but the most important production area is Languedoc and Luxi in southern France. It is the world's largest red wine variety. It is a late-maturing variety suitable for dry and hot weather and barren hillside terrain. The wines produced are deep in color, high in alcohol and tannins, and are mainly used to produce ordinary daily wines.
Grenache
Native to northeastern Spain, the local name is Garnacha. It is currently grown in all regions of the world and is the most important species in Spain. It also plays an important role in the southeastern part of France. Late maturity, suitable for hot and dry climates. Its alcohol content is very high, but the color and tannin content are often insufficient, making it the best variety for making rose wine.
Malbec
It is produced in the southwestern part of France and is called Malbec in the Bordeaux area. It is often used in combination with Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot. It is often black with berry, low acidity, rounded and mature. However, the Cot produced in the Kao producing area is dark in color, heavy in tannins, and thick and well-structured. It takes years to mature.
Tampranillo (Tampani)
Originally originated in northern Spain, the word source refers to the meaning of [premature]. The limestone clay on the poor slopes is the best species condition, unlike other Spanish varieties, it is suitable for a cooler and milder climate. It is the most important variety of Rioja, mainly grown in Rilja Alta and Rilja Alavesa, and is also widely grown in northern Spain.
Zinfindel (金粉黛/仙粉黛)
It was introduced to California from Italy in the 19th century and is currently the largest cultivated area in the country. It is mainly used to produce general table wines and semi-sweet white wines or even sparkling wines.
Domestic production area editor
In China, the main wine grape producing areas are distributed in North China, coastal areas, Xinjiang, Gansu, Ningxia and other places. Large-scale planting has made basic raw material demand for China's wine industry. Wine grapes are generally divided into white grapes and red. There are two kinds of grapes. These two kinds of grapes are more suitable for planting in coastal areas. In Hebei, Shandong and other places, there are the largest wines in China, such as Great Wall Wine, Zishang Wine, Dynasty Royal Horse Wine, etc. The wine grapes are generally mature in September. Because wine grapes are too large for water, they are not suitable for planting in the northeastern region of the western region. They can be used for fresh food, but they are not suitable for storage.
Edible grape difference editing
The grapes used for winemaking are different from ordinary grapes. They are the climbing nature of the vines. The similar varieties are widely distributed in the northern hemisphere. About 40 of them are very similar, and they belong to the same grape species in botany.
The best special grape is called "Vinifera", which means "wine grape". It has the same plants as "Vitis rupestri" (sand grape), "Vitis riparia" (river grape), "Vitis aestivalis" (summer grape) ), but they are not as good as "Vinifera" in many places. The sugar accumulated in the fruit accounts for 1/3 of its own volume, so it is rated as one of the sweetest fruits. The wine made from it is refreshing and refreshing. "Vinifera" combines many advantages, including its natural distribution from the Persian coast of the Caspian Sea to the temperate zone of Western Europe.
Wild grapes are like many plants (such as willow, poplar and most holly). The flowers of a plant are not female and male, and very few are monoecious. If there is a male plant in the vicinity that can provide pollen, the female plant can bloom smoothly, and basically, the male plant is unlikely to flower. A small number of monoecious vines can produce some grapes, but the yield is only half that of ordinary females.
The first people who planted grapes were not aware of the truth, so they naturally picked out the prolific female plants and abandoned the male plants that could not produce grapes. However, no male plants exist, and it is impossible for female plants to flower. Only those hermaphroditic vines can bear fruit. After constant trials and failures, people finally discovered this, so they chose only the monoecious strain for cultivation. The cultivated new vine naturally inherits the characteristics of the blooming of the female flower and the male flower, so the monoecious plant eventually becomes the difference between the artificially planted grape and the wild grape.
There are many varieties of wine grapes, which are very different from the grapes we usually eat. The wine grapes are thick, with less flesh, more juice, and smaller particles, which are basically unsuitable for eating. The fruit of the wine grape is smaller in size than the table grape and the skin is thicker. They have high sugar content, large seeds and more tannins. When you chew a wine grape, we will taste a very rich fruit flavor and a slightly bitter taste, accompanied by the sound of the flesh separation, which makes this small grape suitable for use. Come to wine.
Generally, the wine has a high sugar content and acidity, so the alcohol concentration of the wine will exceed 12%, and the acidity (pH) will be lower than 3.6, so that the wine is damaged by the influence of bacteria. The tannins rich in red wine come from peels and seeds and are natural preservatives. The tannins in red wine are bitter and bitter, and need to be matched with lower acidity, otherwise it is not easy to enter. In other words, the more tannins, the lower the acidity. In addition to the peel and grape seed, oak barrels also contribute to the tannins of red wine. The newer the oak barrels, the more tannins. The taste of edible grapes is more biased towards vegetables. Usually sugar is less, the wine produced has an alcohol content of only 8% to 9%, and the acidity is not high. Therefore, when cooking grapes with wine, you must add extra acid or sugar. The sugar is fermented to produce carbon dioxide and alcohol. Alcohol is the most powerful preservative, so the body must reach a certain alcohol concentration to prevent corruption. The acidity is too low. After contact with the air, it is easy to breed bacteria and gradually convert the wine into vinegar.
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