In 2014, Australia announced the elimination of measles. However, a case of imported measles that was recently introduced to Australia from Indonesia indicates that measles seems to pose a certain threat to the Australian population. Of course, it is very important to maintain a high rate of vaccination against rare diseases. It ensures that people can effectively fight the disease when it is reintroduced, and it does not trigger an outbreak.
So when do we stop vaccinating against measles or against other rare and infectious diseases? Simply put, if vaccination against infectious diseases is to achieve a one-time block to spread the disease in the future, It seems that the dose is very low, which may be the result of the disease being eliminated or eradicated.
Elimination of disease
If a region has continued to decline or zero in the past period of time, we believe that this infectious disease has been eliminated in a geographical area, but now the convenience of global travel tends to make the previously eliminated disease It has revived.
The recent outbreak of measles in Australia further indicates that imported cases often lead to disease outbreaks in areas where the disease has not occurred for many years. The high level of immunization of vaccinated people through better vaccine coverage can often help people to effectively resist the recurrence of disease. For example, since 2000, Australia has announced the elimination of polio.
However, in 2017, researchers isolated a wild poliovirus strain from a male returning to Australia from abroad. In this case, effective vaccine coverage and maintenance of the population's immunity may be effective. Prevent the spread of imported viruses in the population.
Eradication of disease
If a disease is eliminated globally, we believe that the disease is eradicated, and in this case it seems that the risk of disease outbreaks is not present for people in disease-free areas. It seems very difficult to eradicate infectious diseases compared to the elimination of diseases. It depends mainly on the coordinated global level. Only one human disease can be successfully eradicated. Under the global efforts, it has gone through a long period of time. The researchers announced the elimination of smallpox in 1979.
Smallpox has many characteristics, which means that it can be targeted for eradication by researchers. For example, infected people often show obvious symptoms of the disease and can be quickly identified, although a short incubation period reduces their ability to spread; Of course, an effective vaccine can also effectively respond to smallpox, which can help researchers further eradicate smallpox.
Elimination and eradication are often more challenging for certain diseases than other diseases. For example, it is often difficult to eliminate some infectious diseases (such as malaria) or cholera that survive in the wild. Of course, the disease is also It will evolve rapidly, such as the flu virus, which will rapidly mutate in a short period of time, which will increase the development of vaccines for scientists.
Stop regular vaccination
When a disease is eradicated globally, the safest thing is to stop vaccinating against the disease. In fact, regular vaccination often stops before this, when the risk of infection does fall enough. At low times, the human and economic costs of conventional vaccines seem to outweigh the benefits provided by vaccines, so researchers often end this routine vaccination program.
All vaccines have certain economic costs in production and transportation, and some vaccines may even bring certain side effects. For example, smallpox vaccine is safe for most people, but occasionally it will induce serious problems in some people. side effect. However, since smallpox is a very terrible disease, this cost is often acceptable in countries where some diseases are highly prevalent, and the risk of smallpox infection is very high; in some countries where smallpox is eliminated, this cost seems to be no reasonable. Conversely, routine vaccination often ends before the disease is eradicated because the harmful risks caused by the vaccine tend to outweigh the hazards it causes.
In some countries with low prevalence rates, routine vaccination against tuberculosis is often considered unnecessary, while in Australia, routine vaccination procedures against tuberculosis have stopped since the mid-1980s, vaccination against tuberculosis Serious complications are often rare, with a rate of less than one in a million, but this conventional vaccination is only about 50% effective against tuberculosis.
The main benefit of vaccination is that it significantly reduces the risk of serious illness in individuals, especially for children; therefore, in countries such as Australia, tuberculosis is very rare, and the overall benefits of regular vaccination are minimal, because It does not significantly reduce the number of individuals with infectious diseases. On the contrary, tuberculosis vaccines can target high-risk groups, such as individuals with close contact with tuberculosis patients.
Future efforts to eradicate disease
Malaria and poliovirus wild type are two pathogens that we are familiar with. Of course, they are also the pathogens that the World Health Organization calls for eradication. The wild-type poliovirus has now embarked on the road to be eradicated, the so-called The end of the disease; it is estimated. In addition to Afghanistan and Pakistan, the disease has been eliminated in other countries. In the final stages of disease elimination, researchers often face multiple challenges. Infections tend to spread in low-level ways and spread among groups that are difficult to reach, making it difficult for researchers to conduct cases. Detection and targeted therapy.
Communities with epidemics also seem to be unable to eradicate the disease and appear to trigger disease resurgence; political and social factors such as weak health systems, conflict and displaced populations can also amplify the effects of disease eradication. Measles is another disease that global researchers aim to eliminate. Although measles has been eradicated in some countries (including Australia), the goal of eradicating measles in Europe in recent years seems to have not been achieved.
With the global eradication of some highly contagious diseases, such as measles and polio, routine vaccination procedures still seem to be an effective way to protect people from infections in some imported cases and even prevent diseases. The outbreak.
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