Many scientists believe that graphene is one of the most promising materials in history. Atom thick carbon chains are strong and light, and have applications in energy storage, pollution removal, and waterproof coatings.
Although graphene has been studied since the 1940s, scientists have encountered considerable difficulties in constructing it into useful structural forms on a three-dimensional level. But now, scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have figured out how to make graphene into a useful three-dimensional shape, with the potential to be lighter and stronger than steel.
The new research marks an important step forward in materials. Hexagonal structures are basically "unwound" carbon nanotubes, only atomically thick, and usually only function on a two-dimensional level. Despite this limitation, graphene is more than 100 times stronger than steel, and converting two-dimensional strength into a structure that can be used in three-dimensional building materials has been the desire of graphene researchers for many years. Now, scientists may turn this transformation into reality.
The Journal of Scientific Progress published the results of MIT research, describing how researchers created a porous three-dimensional graphene material. During the synthesis of graphene, the team added heat and pressure to compress small pieces of graphene together to produce a complex sponge-like structure of single-cell algae similar to coral. Although these structures are not very dense, they have a large surface area and are very strong; a graphene sample only has a density of 5% of steel, but is 10 times stronger.
The researchers hope they can create useful graphene structures, which are actually lighter than air, but found in atomic-level computer modeling that this structure will be crushed by external air pressure. But scientists did create magnified 3D printed models of complex geometric structures called spirals, which in theory can form the basis of a new class of super-strong and lightweight materials that do not even have to be limited to graphene.
"You can replace the material with anything," the study's lead author Markus Buehler said in a statement at MIT. "Geometry is the dominant factor, and it may change many things."
Theoretically, graphene designed using these gyroscope shapes at the micro level can be even stronger than the strongest porous graphene material the team can produce.
Research collaborator Zhao Qin said in a statement, "Once we create these three-dimensional structures, we want to see what is the limit? What is the strongest material we can produce?"
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology has established new jobs for scientists such as Andre Geim and Knostantin Novoselov, who won the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics for isolating graphene. Since they first introduced isolation materials in 2004, scientists around the world have begun to carefully find out the practical uses of anomalous materials. As Pete Spotts wrote in the October 2010 Christian Scientific Monitoring Report: Graphene is essentially a two-dimensional crystal, with atoms arranged neatly in patterns that look like chicken silk. Once the winners showed how to separate a layer of graphene from a piece of graphite, materials scientists quickly found their sight.
Subsequent work has proved that thin materials are at least 100 times stronger than steel, conduct electricity more efficiently than copper, are known to be highly flexible, the most transparent materials, and are very effective in conducting heat.
"Graphene has the potential to change your lifestyle, just like plastic," Andre Geim said. Announced by the Nobel Committee, he and his colleague Knostantin Novoselov have won a prize of $ 1.5 million.
Now, the ability to create ideally strong gyros on an atomic thin graphene scale may exceed any current manufacturing method. But researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology hope that one day, the geometric knowledge gained from the research can be used to create stronger building materials, from personal devices to buildings.
Huajian Gao, an engineering professor at Brown University, said, "The combination of computational modeling and 3D printing-based experiments is a powerful new method used in this article. With the help of 3D printing, in the macro experiments, we saw The law of scale obtained in the first-level simulation is reproduced. " 
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