The production of logs is to cut down the branches of the trees. The trunks of the branches are called the original strips. The lengths of the original strips are cut into lengths according to the size, shape and quality standards or special regulations. .
Wood is widely used and should be divided into direct use and chemical or special processing.
The wood is directly used: construction, pit wood, electric column, sleeper, packaging, furniture, craft carving, ship, sports equipment, cultural and educational supplies, musical instruments, decoration, grenade handle, buttstock, wood-based panels, etc. Chemical processing or special processing for raw materials: paper, rayon, regenerated cellulose, nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, ethyl cellulose, hydroxy cellulose, phenyl cellulose.
Our country mainly from Russia, the United States, Indonesia, Canada, Chile, Malaysia, the Philippines, Ghana, Guyana, Laos, Thailand, Mongolia, France, New Zealand, Brazil, Spain, Portugal, Mexico, Japan, Germany, Britain, Belgium, Gabon, Cameroon And other countries import logs.
species:
(1) Special and precious wood: iron pear, mahogany, rosewood, rosewood, sandalwood, ebony, cork, etc.
(2) General wood: 1 conifer species: cedar, Pinus sylvestris, larch, elm, fir, radiata pine, Douglas fir, hemlock, etc.; 2 broadleaf species: willow, ash, teak, clone, peach Heart, beech, red dragonfly, Gabon, etc.
specification:
The general contract stipulates that the length of the material is not more than 12m or 40 feet; the length of the cut material is generally above 260cm to 320cm, and the length is increased by a multiple; the diameter is not more than 120cm.
Inspection and measurement unit:
At present, the inspection methods and measurement units used by countries are more complicated. Each producing country has its own method and unit of measurement, and some countries even have two or more methods. The currently used main imported logs inspection methods and measurement units are as follows:
(1) Meters are measured in meters (m), centimeters (cm) and cubic meters (m3) using the International System of Units. 1 material length inspection: the length of the log is the shortest distance between the ends of the head and the size of the inspection. 2 Diameter inspection: through the center of the small head section, first measure the short diameter, and then take the long diameter through the vertical diameter of the short diameter center, without the skin inspection amount, such as the short diameter less than 26cm, the difference between the long and short diameter is more than 2cm or the short diameter is 26cm. In the above, the difference between the long and short diameters of 4 cm or more is the average diameter of the long and short diameters. If the difference between the long and short diameters is less than the above-mentioned specifications, the diameter is measured after the short diameter is entered (see GB 144-95 "Log Inspection, Size Inspection"). 3 Volume calculation: A) The original wood volume of the small diameter of the gauge diameter from 4 to 12 cm is determined by the formula V=0.7854L(D+0.45L+0.2)2÷1000; B) The original wood volume of the gauge diameter from 14cm or more is determined by the formula V=0.7854 L[D+0.5L+0.005L2+0.000125L·(14-L)·(D-10)] 2÷10000 is determined. Where: V - volume (m3); L - gauge length (m); D - gauge diameter (cm). See GB4814-84 "Original Timber Volume Table". This method is applicable to logs specified in export and part of the import contract.
(2) Meters are measured in meters (m), centimeters (cm) and cubic meters (m3) using the International System of Units. 1 material long inspection amount: the shortest distance between the ends of the head and the head that must be perpendicular to the material length direction. See Mengyan 2292-88 "Logs and Marking, Classification and Acceptance Rules"; 2 Diameter Check: Take the average value of the largest diameter and the smallest diameter through the center of the small head section (no vertical), and peel the amount. See Mengyan 2292-88 "Logs and Classification, Classification and Acceptance Rules"; 3 Volume Calculation: Calculated after the single volume is found from Mengyan 2708-75 "Original Timber Volume Table". This method is suitable for importing Russian and Mongolian logs.
(3) In British units measured in feet, inches and board feet. 1 material long inspection volume: check the shortest side of the cross section of the log. When one or both ends of the log are broken or damaged, the nearest two points of the log diameter should be displayed at the end or both ends of the log. See "Official Rules for American Logs and Ratings" (January 1, 1982); 2 Diameter Check: The diameter of the logs passes through the center of the section with small heads, intersecting each other vertically, and the average of the long and short diameters is measured. For the inspection of the diameter, no skin examination. See "American Log Gauge and Rating Official Rules" (January 1, 1982); 3 volume calculation: using the SCRIBNER volume table (revised July 1, 1972). Volume calculation formula: V = A × L ÷ 12 inches / ft ° Where: V - volume (plate feet): A - the area of ​​the plate pattern painted in the small head section (square inches); L - material length (feet) ); 12 inches / ft - conversion factor. This method is applicable to the import of logs from the United States and Canada.
(4) The international unit system is measured in meters (m), centimeters (cm), and cubic meters (m3). 1 length inspection: along the axis of the round material, short-distance inspection between the two ends of the round material; 2 diameter inspection: using a special fence for wood, at the ends of the logs and centimeters from the ends of the logs, respectively, to check the logs The large head diameter and the small head circumference are taken as the gauge diameter after entering the house, without skin inspection. The gauge diameter formula: D = (d1 + d2) ÷ 2. Where: D - diameter; d1 - log large diameter; d2 - log small head diameter; 3 volume calculation: using "William Klemm" (WILLIAMKLEMME) original wood product table, formula: V = 4÷л × D2 × L × (1÷10000) or V=0.7854D2L÷1000 where: V—volume (m3); D—checker diameter (cm); L—scale length (m); л—pi (3.1416). This method is applicable to imported Malaysian (Sabah) logs.
(5) Meters are measured in meters (m), centimeters (cm) and cubic meters (m3) using the International System of Units. 1 material long inspection volume: the material length is the axis of the hole round material, the shortest distance between the two ends of the log; 2 diameter inspection: in the center of the actual length of the log, using the wood special fence, check the central circumference, No skin; 3 volume calculation: using the original timber table established by the Sarawak Forest Department, the volume calculation formula and the "4.4.3" item "William Klemi" original wood product calculation formula are the same. This method is applicable to imported Malaysia (Sarawak) logs.
(6) Meters are measured in meters (m), centimeters (cm) and cubic meters (m3) using the International System of Units. 1 material long inspection volume: the shortest distance between the two ends of the inspection parallel to the axis (such as the amount of curved wood logs, then the bending amount with the bend); 2 diameter inspection: separately check the log size The long diameter and the short diameter of the head section (first the shortest diameter through the center of the section, and then the long diameter of the short diameter center) are taken as the average value, and then the average value of the head is added and divided by 2, which is the log. Gauge diameter; 3 volume calculation: using the "Bréalden" (BRERETON) volume calculation formula, the formula is the same as the "William Klim" volume calculation formula. See "Indonesia Hard Logs Grading Rules". This method is suitable for importing Indonesian, New Zealand logs.
Quality standards and inspection methods: National quality standards and inspection methods vary greatly from country to country. They are mainly divided into two categories: (1) Graded quality: various defects in the log itself, according to different types of defects, size of defect size and Defects are classified into three levels and five levels. The countries that use the grade quality standards are China, Russia and other countries. Quality standards and testing methods are generally divided into ten categories: knots, discoloration, decay, insects, cracks, trunk shape defects, wood structure defects, scars (damage), wood processing defects, deformation defects, and so on.
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