RFID, radio frequency identification technology, since its theoretical foundation was laid in the middle of the 20th century, it has been continuously enriched and improved with the advancement of science and technology. Since the beginning of this century, RFID products, such as single-chip electronic tags, multi-function electronic tag reading, wireless readable and writable, remote identification of passive electronic tags, and RF1D adapted to high-speed moving objects, are becoming a reality and developed abroad. The country has gradually been widely used. Moreover, the advantages of RFID-based multi-functional electronic labels in the packaging field are obvious. RFID quickly and easily obtains information about products, locations, times, and transactions in an automated manner. Without contact, seeing the target, even if the article is firmly packaged or the environment is uncomfortable, it will not affect its identification function, which is a feature of RFID that is different from the bar code. In addition, RFID is not just a code; it can read and write data, store data in a processing system, and connect it to a PC or PLC network. RFID can improve data quality, cargo management, data preservation, etc. The use of RFID in the supply chain can improve management and enhance end-to-end connectivity. The operation of RFID does not require human intervention. It operates wirelessly and has read-write capabilities. It will also be a major revolution in logistics management.
RFID is a non-contact automatic identification technology. The simplest RFID system consists of three main parts: tag, reader/writer and antenna and data management system. The electronic tag consists of an antenna and an RFID chip. Each chip contains a unique identification code for representing the object to which the electronic tag is attached. The reader is used to read and write the information in the electronic tag. The reader writer communicates with other computers or systems through the network to complete the information acquisition, interpretation and data management of the electronic tag. The data management system mainly completes the storage and management of data information. It can be served by a simple small database, or it can be a large-scale ERP database management software that integrates an RFID management module.
The working principle of RFID is not complicated: after the tag enters the magnetic field, it receives the radio frequency signal from the reader, sends the energy stored in the chip through the energy obtained by the induced current, or actively sends a signal at a certain frequency. After reading the information and decoding it, it is sent to the central information system for data processing.
The standard structure of an RFID tag should be three layers. The pressure sensitive type face paper and the electronic tag module are compounded and then a peeling layer is added. Among them, the electronic tag module contains the antenna and the chip, which is the core part of the RFID tag. RFID tags can be roughly divided into several categories: According to different RF cards, they can be divided into read-write cards, write-once read-out cards, and read-only cards. As the name suggests, the first two kinds of cards can read the information by the reader, and can also rewrite the information. The read-only card can only be read during the entire circulation, and the information on the card cannot be rewritten.
Electronic tags can also be divided into active, semi-active and passive. The active and semi-active tags themselves have RF energy with a wider range of identification and can record information from certain types of sensors. Passive tags take energy from the reader's wireless RF field and do not need integrated energy sources.
At present, electronic tags are mainly used in the field of containers or large-packaged goods or high-priced single-item goods. Electronic tags can integrate all aspects of the supply chain into an organic whole, improving logistics efficiency, reducing logistics costs, and Quality tracking and product information loading have significant advantages and have shown strong development momentum. However, RFID technology is still not fully mature. There are still many factors that restrict its application in the packaging field. With the speed of computer technology development background, the following various factors can be improved due to advances in science and technology. This is also the focus of this article.
1, RFID system costs
The cost of RFID systems has always been a key factor restricting its wide application. The cost of RFID tags and components varies depending on the technology used. For example, compared with the writable type, the read-only type is relatively inexpensive; the passive type is more appropriate than the active type. In addition, the profit margin, label structure, and order size all affect the cost of the label. At present, although the cost of RFID systems has dropped a lot, in the past 10 years, the average selling price of an RFID tag has dropped from 100 US dollars to 1 US dollar. Many RFID tag experts predict that the cost of RFID tags can drop to around 15 cents in the next 1 to 2 years, and drop to 10 cents within 5 years. However, the electronic label itself is not the only cost to be considered. To use the RFID system, there must be corresponding hardware and software investment, which is also a huge one-off investment.
Through the improvement of integrated circuits, antennas, and manufacturing processes, the assembly costs of integrated circuits, antennas, and other components, as well as the cost of applying them to product packaging, will be appropriately reduced. Although, there are many technical obstacles that need to be addressed, such as enhancing the performance of semi-conductor polymers, and achieving substantial improvements in printing resolution, register accuracy, necessary barrier layers, and a clean printing environment. However, it is believed that in the near future, the production cost of RFID and its electronic tags should soon drop to the price that merchants can generally accept.
2. Material factors
Many of the packaging products are liquids or the packaging material is metal. The liquid absorbs radio waves and the metal reflects radio waves. This makes it difficult for RFID to track products packed with high levels of liquids, metals, or foils, which is one of the factors that restrict the use of electronic labels in the packaging field.
3, the reader's effective range
The effective range of the reader depends to a large extent on the frequency with which the electronic tag is selected. The direction of the label also affects the effective range and accuracy of the reader. When the label passes through the reader from a vertical state to a rotationally inclined state, its reading range will be reduced. When the single label on the conveyor belt passes within the valid reading range, the reading reliability and accuracy are very good, and the reliability of the reading of the multiple labels in different directions cannot be guaranteed. The size of the tag and reading antenna is also an important factor, and the reading distance of the handheld reader is much lower than that of the fixed reader, so it is only suitable for short distance electronic tag reading.
RFID is a non-contact automatic identification technology. The simplest RFID system consists of three main parts: tag, reader/writer and antenna and data management system. The electronic tag consists of an antenna and an RFID chip. Each chip contains a unique identification code for representing the object to which the electronic tag is attached. The reader is used to read and write the information in the electronic tag. The reader writer communicates with other computers or systems through the network to complete the information acquisition, interpretation and data management of the electronic tag. The data management system mainly completes the storage and management of data information. It can be served by a simple small database, or it can be a large-scale ERP database management software that integrates an RFID management module.
The working principle of RFID is not complicated: after the tag enters the magnetic field, it receives the radio frequency signal from the reader, sends the energy stored in the chip through the energy obtained by the induced current, or actively sends a signal at a certain frequency. After reading the information and decoding it, it is sent to the central information system for data processing.
The standard structure of an RFID tag should be three layers. The pressure sensitive type face paper and the electronic tag module are compounded and then a peeling layer is added. Among them, the electronic tag module contains the antenna and the chip, which is the core part of the RFID tag. RFID tags can be roughly divided into several categories: According to different RF cards, they can be divided into read-write cards, write-once read-out cards, and read-only cards. As the name suggests, the first two kinds of cards can read the information by the reader, and can also rewrite the information. The read-only card can only be read during the entire circulation, and the information on the card cannot be rewritten.
Electronic tags can also be divided into active, semi-active and passive. The active and semi-active tags themselves have RF energy with a wider range of identification and can record information from certain types of sensors. Passive tags take energy from the reader's wireless RF field and do not need integrated energy sources.
At present, electronic tags are mainly used in the field of containers or large-packaged goods or high-priced single-item goods. Electronic tags can integrate all aspects of the supply chain into an organic whole, improving logistics efficiency, reducing logistics costs, and Quality tracking and product information loading have significant advantages and have shown strong development momentum. However, RFID technology is still not fully mature. There are still many factors that restrict its application in the packaging field. With the speed of computer technology development background, the following various factors can be improved due to advances in science and technology. This is also the focus of this article.
1, RFID system costs
The cost of RFID systems has always been a key factor restricting its wide application. The cost of RFID tags and components varies depending on the technology used. For example, compared with the writable type, the read-only type is relatively inexpensive; the passive type is more appropriate than the active type. In addition, the profit margin, label structure, and order size all affect the cost of the label. At present, although the cost of RFID systems has dropped a lot, in the past 10 years, the average selling price of an RFID tag has dropped from 100 US dollars to 1 US dollar. Many RFID tag experts predict that the cost of RFID tags can drop to around 15 cents in the next 1 to 2 years, and drop to 10 cents within 5 years. However, the electronic label itself is not the only cost to be considered. To use the RFID system, there must be corresponding hardware and software investment, which is also a huge one-off investment.
Through the improvement of integrated circuits, antennas, and manufacturing processes, the assembly costs of integrated circuits, antennas, and other components, as well as the cost of applying them to product packaging, will be appropriately reduced. Although, there are many technical obstacles that need to be addressed, such as enhancing the performance of semi-conductor polymers, and achieving substantial improvements in printing resolution, register accuracy, necessary barrier layers, and a clean printing environment. However, it is believed that in the near future, the production cost of RFID and its electronic tags should soon drop to the price that merchants can generally accept.
2. Material factors
Many of the packaging products are liquids or the packaging material is metal. The liquid absorbs radio waves and the metal reflects radio waves. This makes it difficult for RFID to track products packed with high levels of liquids, metals, or foils, which is one of the factors that restrict the use of electronic labels in the packaging field.
3, the reader's effective range
The effective range of the reader depends to a large extent on the frequency with which the electronic tag is selected. The direction of the label also affects the effective range and accuracy of the reader. When the label passes through the reader from a vertical state to a rotationally inclined state, its reading range will be reduced. When the single label on the conveyor belt passes within the valid reading range, the reading reliability and accuracy are very good, and the reliability of the reading of the multiple labels in different directions cannot be guaranteed. The size of the tag and reading antenna is also an important factor, and the reading distance of the handheld reader is much lower than that of the fixed reader, so it is only suitable for short distance electronic tag reading.
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